The Modern Organization Functioning in a
Global Environment
Information Technology (IT) is all forms of technology (tool) used to create, store, exchange and use information.
Information
Systems (IS) is the combination of technology (the
“what”), people (the “who”) and process (the “how”) that organization uses to
produce and manage information.
Why Should I Study Information Systems?
Homo Conexus
§You are the most connected generation in
history.
§
§You practice continuous computing.
§
§You are surrounded by a personal, movable
information network.
§
§You can pull
information from the Web and push your
ideas back to the Web.
nInformed
User: a person knowledgeable about
information systems and information technology
ØTend to get more value from whatever
technologies / systems they use
ØImprove the organizations’ performance,
productivity and team work
ØHelp selecting new information systems /
applications
Ø
ØBuild your own company (entrepreneur)
Digital
nomad is
someone who uses information technologies such as smart phones, wireless Internet access, and Web-based
applications to work remotely from anywhere.
Overview
of Computer-Based
Information Systems:
Data: elementary description of things, events, activities and transactions that are recorded, classified and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning.
Examples: 3.5 high
6:00 pm
Information:
data
that is organized and
structured within a context, and provides meaning
Example:
ØSultan got 3.5
GPA
ØThe temperature is very high today
ØOman Air will depart at 6:00 pm to London
Knowledge:
information organized and processed to convey understanding, experience,
accumulated learning and expertise as they apply to a current problem or
activity.
v Know-what
v Know-how
Computer-based
information systems are
information systems that use computer technology to perform some or all of
their intended tasks.
Hardware is a device such as a processor,
monitor, keyboard or printer
Software is a program or collection of programs
that enable hardware to process data.
Database is a collection of related files or
tables containing data.
Network is a connecting system (wireline or
wireless) that permits different computers to share resources.
Procedures are the set of instructions about how to
combine the above components in order to process information and generate the
desired output.
People are those individuals who use the
hardware and software, interface with it, or uses its output.
Types
of Information System
Information
Systems differ in their business needs and the information varies depending upon
different levels in organization. Information System can be broadly categorized
into following:
- Transaction
processing system
- Management
information system
- Decision
support system
The
information needs are different at different organizational levels. Accordingly
the information can be categorized into three parts and they are Strategic
Information, Managerial Information and operational
Information.
Transaction
processing system
It
processes business transaction of the organization. Transaction can be any
activity of the organization. For example, take a railway reservation system.
Booking, canceling, etc are all transactions. Any query made to it is a
transaction. This provides high speed and accurate processing of record keeping
of basic operational processes and includes calculation, storage and retrieval.
Transaction processing systems provide speed and accuracy, and can be programmed
to follow routines functions of the
organizations.
Management
Information System
It
assists lower management in problem solving and making decisions. They use the
results of transaction processing and some other information also. An important
element of MIS is Database. A Database is a non-redundant collection of
interrelated data items that can be processed through application programs and
available to many users.
Decision
Support Systems
These
systems assist higher management to make long term decisions. These type of
systems handle unstructured or semi structured decisions. A decision is
considered unstructured if there are no clear procedures for making the decision
and if not all the factors to be considered in the decision can be readily
identified in advance. A decision support system must be very flexible. The user
should be able to produce customized reports by giving particular data and
format specific to particular situations.
Information
System Development Methodologies
Maddison
et al. (1984) define ISD methodology as “a recommended collection of
philosophies, phases, procedures, rules, techniques, tools, documentation,
management and training for developers of information
systems”.
There
is a strong argument that the use of structured methodologies to support
information system development (ISD) leads to fragment, highly specialized,
low-direction jobs for system users. While deskilling is a work strategy which
some managers may wish to pursue, many do not; structured methodologies are
therefore inappropriate for many development projects. This paper is intended to
simulate debate on process models to support alternative methodologies; it is
presented in the context of current research and also on the basis of the
author’s experience as a practitioner in the field of information system
design.
The
Waterfall Model Of System Development
The
elements of methodology are illustrated in above. These elements permit an
individual to structure their understanding of appropriate solutions for a
problem situation, according to their perspective and their previous experience
of both the problem context and the methodology. A methodology affects the way
in which individuals’ will perceive the context and tasks of development, with
each component layer of the methodology acting as a filter to the next layer.
Ultimately, the problem situation is perceived through the filters by successive
elements of the methodology. A methodology affects the way in which individuals’
will perceive the context and tasks of development, with each component layer of
the methodology acting as a filter to the next layer. Ultimately, the problem
situation is perceived through the filters provided by successive elements of
the methodology; these elements in turn are filtering through stakeholders’
perceptions of their utility and application
IT
reduces the number of middle managers.
IT
changes the manager’s job.
Will
IT eliminate jobs?
IT
impacts employees at work.
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق